Model analysis is an area with a large literature almost all of which is purely mathematical. A problem with this literature is that much of it becomes impractical when applied to any non trivial model. Many of the features in Vensim, such as causal tracing, were developed in response to the gap between what could be done, and what was practical.
There are two important types of mathematical, largely statistical, analysis that have been incorporated in Vensim. These are Kalman Filtering, and Schweppe Statistics.
